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<title>Building envelope</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Building envelope</span></span>

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<p>A <b>building envelope</b> or <b>building enclosure</b> is the physical separator between the conditioned and unconditioned environment of a <a href="Building" title="Building">building</a>, including the resistance to air, water, heat,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> light, and noise<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transfer.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2></div>

<p>The building envelope or enclosure is all of the elements of the outer shell that maintain a dry, heated, or cooled indoor environment and facilitate its <a href="Climate_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate control">climate control</a>. Building envelope design is a specialized area of architectural and engineering practice that draws from all areas of <a href="Building_science" title="Building science">building science</a> and indoor climate control.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The many functions of the building envelope can be separated into three categories:<sup id="cite_ref-Straube_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straube-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><b>Support</b> (to resist and transfer structural and dynamic loads)</li>

<li><b>Control</b> (the flow of matter and energy of all types)</li>

<li><b>Finish</b> (to meet desired aesthetics on the inside and outside)</li></ul>

<p>The control function is at the core of good performance, and in practice focuses, in order of importance, on rain control, air control, heat control, and vapor control.<sup id="cite_ref-Straube_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straube-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_and_water_vapor_control">Water and water vapor control</h2></div>

<p>Control of rain is most fundamental, and there are numerous strategies to this end, namely, perfect barriers, drained screens, and mass / storage systems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One of the main purposes of a <a href="Roof" title="Roof">roof</a> is to resist water. Two broad categories of roofs are flat and pitched. <a href="Flat_roof" title="Flat roof">Flat roofs</a> actually slope up to 10° or 15° but are built to resist intrusion from standing water. Pitched roofs are designed to shed water but not resist standing water intrusion which can occur during wind-driven rain or <a href="Ice_dam_(roof)" title="Ice dam (roof)">ice damming</a>. Typically residential, pitched roofs are covered with an underlayment material beneath the roof covering material as a second line of defense. <a href="Domestic_roof_construction" title="Domestic roof construction">Domestic roof construction</a> may also be ventilated to help remove moisture from leakage and condensation.

</p><p>Walls do not get as severe water exposure as roofs but still leak water. Types of wall systems with regard to water penetration are <i>barrier</i>, <i>drainage</i> and <i>surface-sealed walls</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrier walls are designed to allow water to be absorbed but not penetrate the wall, and include concrete and some masonry walls. Drainage walls allow water that leaks into the wall to drain out such as <a href="Cavity_wall" title="Cavity wall">cavity walls</a>. Drainage walls may also be ventilated to aid drying such as <a href="Rainscreen" title="Rainscreen">rainscreen</a> and pressure equalization wall systems. Sealed-surface walls do not allow any water penetration at the exterior surface of the siding material. Generally most materials will not remain sealed over the long term and this system is very limited, but ordinary residential construction often treats walls as sealed-surface systems relying on the <a href="Siding_(construction)" title="Siding (construction)">siding</a> and an underlayment layer sometimes called <a href="Housewrap" title="Housewrap">housewrap</a>.

</p><p>Moisture can enter basements through the walls or floor. <a href="Basement_waterproofing" title="Basement waterproofing">Basement waterproofing</a> and <a href="French_drain" title="French drain">drainage</a> keep the walls dry and a moisture barrier is needed under the floor.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_control">Air control</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></div>

<p>Control of airflow is important to ensure indoor air quality, control energy consumption, avoid condensation (and thus help ensure durability), and to provide comfort. Control of air movement includes flow through the enclosure (the assembly of materials that perform this function is termed the air barrier system) or through components of the building envelope (interstitial) itself, as well as into and out of the interior space, (which can affect <a href="Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">building insulation</a> performance greatly). Hence, air control includes the control of windwashing<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cold air passing through insulation) and convective loops which are air movements within a wall or ceiling that may result in 10% to 20% of the heat loss alone.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The physical components of the envelope include the <a href="Foundation_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (architecture)">foundation</a>, <a href="Roof" title="Roof">roof</a>, <a href="Wall" title="Wall">walls</a>, <a href="Door" title="Door">doors</a>, <a href="Window" title="Window">windows</a>, <a href="Ceiling" title="Ceiling">ceiling</a>, and their related barriers and <a href="Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>. The dimensions, performance and compatibility of materials, fabrication process and details, connections and interactions are the main factors that determine the effectiveness and durability of the building enclosure system.

</p><p>Common measures of the effectiveness of a building envelope include physical protection from weather and climate (comfort), indoor air quality (hygiene and public health), durability and <a href="Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>. In order to achieve these objectives, all building enclosure systems must include a solid structure, a drainage plane, an air barrier, a thermal barrier, and may include a vapor barrier. Moisture control (e.g. <a href="Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">damp proofing</a>) is essential in all climates, but cold climates and hot-humid climates are especially demanding.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Air sealing can improve the energy efficiency of a building by minimizing the amount of energy needed to heat or cool the building. This is especially pertinent in cold-climate buildings where space heating consumes the largest amount of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="Blower_door" title="Blower door">blower door</a> test can be used to test the quality of the air sealing of the building envelope. Smoke pencils can be used to detect gaps and caulking and weather-stripping can be used to improve air sealing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a> systems can ensure that a building’s air intake is both adequate, safe, and energy efficient.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermal_envelope">Thermal envelope</h2></div>

<p>The <b>thermal envelope</b>, or <a href="Heat_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat flow">heat flow</a> control layer, is part of a building envelope but may be in a different location such as in a ceiling. The difference can be illustrated by the fact that an insulated attic floor is the primary thermal control layer between the inside of the house and the exterior while the entire roof (from the surface of the roofing material to the interior paint finish on the ceiling) is part of the building envelope.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Building envelope <a href="Thermography" title="Thermography">thermography</a> involves using an infrared camera to view temperature anomalies on the interior and exterior surfaces of the structure. Analysis of infrared images can be useful in identifying moisture issues from water intrusion, or <a href="Interstitial_condensation" title="Interstitial condensation">interstitial condensation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of anomalies that can be detected are thermal bridging, continuity of insulation and air leakage, however this requires a temperature differential between the inside and outside ambient temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a> – Engineering discipline of engineering systems of buildings</li>

<li><a href="Building_enclosure_commissioning" title="Building enclosure commissioning">Building enclosure commissioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a> – Engineering discipline</li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a> – Sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures</li>

<li><a href="Thermal_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal barrier">Thermal barrier</a> – Minimization of heat transfer<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Leaky_condo_crisis" title="Leaky condo crisis">Leaky condo crisis</a> – Widespread leakage into Canadian residential buildings due to poor waterproofing</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, Cutler J., and Christopher G. Morris. <i>Building envelopergy</i>. Expanded Edition. Burlington: Elsevier, 2009. Print.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Syed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syed, Asif. <i>Advanced building technologies for sustainability</i>. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. 115. Print.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Straube-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Straube_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straube_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Straube, J.F., Burnett, E.F.P. <i>Building Science for Building Enclosures</i>. Building Science Press, Westford, 2005.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">11. Straube, J.F. and Burnett, E.F.P., "Rain Control and Design Strategies". <i>Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes</i>, July 1999, pp. 41–56.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">various authors. <i>Guideline for condition assessment of the building envelope</i>. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. 4. Print.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hens, Hugo S. L. C. <i>Performance Based Building Design 2: From Timber-framed Construction to Partition Walls</i>. Berlin: Ernst, William & Son, 2012. 10. Print.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/2012/1985%20B3%20papers/055.pdf">Harrje, D. T, G. S. Dutt and K. J. Gadsby, "Convective Loop Heat Losses in Buildings". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 1985. Print.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102121251/http://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/2012/1985%20B3%20papers/055.pdf">Archived</a> November 2, 2013, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lstiburek, Joseph W., and John Carmody. <i>Moisture Control Handbook: Principles and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings</i>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993. 88. Print.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAsaeeSharafianHerreraBlomerus2018" class="citation journal cs1">Asaee, S. Rasoul; Sharafian, Amir; Herrera, Omar E.; Blomerus, Paul; Mérida, Walter (May 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261918302691">"Housing stock in cold-climate countries: Conversion challenges for net zero emission buildings"</a></span>. <i>Applied Energy</i>. <b>217</b>: <span class="nowrap">88–</span>100. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApEn..217...88A">2018ApEn..217...88A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2018.02.135">10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.135</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2014" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Natural Resources (2014-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/homes/make-your-home-more-energy-efficient/keeping-the-heat/section-4-comprehensive-air-leakage-control-your-home/15635">"Keeping The Heat In - Section 4: Comprehensive air leakage control in your home"</a>. <i>www.nrcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vliet, Willem. <i>The Encyclopedia of Housing</i>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1998. 139. Print.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunaidi, Osama. <i>Leak Detection Methods for Plastic Water Distribution Pipes</i>. Denver, Colo.: AWWA Research Foundation, 1999. 57. Print.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ired.co.uk">Faulkner, Ray. <i>Infrared Building Surveys</i>. Portsmouth, United Kingdom: iRed, 2017.</a></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100809033907/http://www.retscreen.net/ang/g_passiv.php">Training Material (software, presentation slides, e-textbook, case studies, templates) on Building Envelope - Natural Resources Canada</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obec.on.ca/">Ontario Building Envelope Council</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcbec.com/">British Columbia Building Envelope Council</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abecsouth.org/">Alberta Building Envelope Council-South Chapter</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a> (ACH)</li>

<li><a href="Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li>

<li><a href="Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li>

<li><a href="Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li>

<li><a href="Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li>

<li><a href="Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li>

<li><a href="Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li>

<li><a href="Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li>

<li><a href="Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li>

<li><a href="Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li>

<li><a href="Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li>

<li><a href="Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li>

<li><a href="High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li>

<li><a href="High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li>

<li><a href="Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li>

<li><a href="Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li>

<li><a href="Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li>

<li><a href="Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br>and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li>

<li><a href="BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li>

<li><a href="Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li>

<li><a href="HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li>

<li><a href="LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li>

<li><a href="Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li>

<li><a href="OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li>

<li><a href="Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br>trades,<br>and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical%2C_electrical%2C_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mold_growth%2C_assessment%2C_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Testing%2C_adjusting%2C_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li>

<li><a href="ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li>

<li><a href="BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors'_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li>

<li><a href="Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li>

<li><a href="Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li>

<li>Template:Fire protection</li>

<li>Template:Home automation</li>

<li>Template:Solar energy</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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